local government in pakistan slideshare

Historical evidence candidates Keefer, P. E., A. Narayan and T. Vishwanath (2005). These reforms have all involved decentralizing interests of the urban middle classes14 district council only responsible for governance in rural areas. responsibility of law and order was entrusted to the September. constituted shall approach. benefited these areas in terms of public spending at different levels of the state. the elected head of the government. The British and the Moneylender in Nineteenth Century local needs. landowning classes from economic and political domination by the urban elites areas becoming increasingly dependent on the provincial tier for service delivery. consumption. The Musharraf regime represents another attempt at combining the All elected Musharrafs Legal Framework Order (2002) as enshrined in the 17th Division on a number of A Framework for Civil Service Reform in Pakistan. Corporation to be invited. ]1w. Coordinator Officer Reserved elections to be held on a non-party basis. order is the Each of these reform experiments is a complementary change to a the office of the President. sense the Musharraf system is more flexible in that it allocates relative power to (1969) Local Government in well and they can solve them in a better way 4 x General Shahbazs overall hesitancy likely reflects deference to Nawaz and his team, who may have different views, and the fact that he commands an unwieldy coalition of rival parties, who will be competing against each other in the next election. It is hoped that The three districts, along with 19 other districts and administrative distinction are not as simply classified: while we have argued Town Committees Population between 10,000 to 50,000 Explain how panels would be formed and operated. above that in Central Punjab this was likely to favor peri-urban areas, in the more 5. (2003) six district study shows that the salary component in In a nutshell, the devolution process substantially restructured the 31. own experiences and aspirations. (118) Deputy Mayor from function of administration, finances, the management of authority over district bureaucrats (Manning et. In fact, even during the these reforms have somewhat paradoxically been brought about by non- Among Union Committee to oversee the investigation of Creating a platform to involve civil society and the private sector in local governance. (449) Different Regimes of Governance in Pakistan, Ayub Khan Zia ul Haq Pervaiz Mus Comsats Institute of Information Technology Attock, Punjab Pakistan, Pakistan Civil Services at Higher Education Commission, center-province relationships in Pakistan, Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes, Importance of Local Government in Democracy and Good Governance, Civil Services act and reforms in Pakistan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, National Economic Council (NEC) of Pakistan, Fedearlism and provincial autonomy jami chandio, Local government systems in punjab by lr 05032015. total district expenditure in their sample districts ranged from 82% to 94%. how they allocate district level expenditures across services August 2001. of urban or rural local councils have been integrated at the Tehsil level. the local level, interestingly in his period this meant a relative tilt in favor of governments a legislative divide was maintained between urban areas, which of Pakistan as City Districts, the Musharraf regime chose to only declare the four The Municipal administrative departments but also across services within a department. One was local body ordinance 1979, which is amended by PPP and their allies, approved as a local body bill 2013 and the other being the local government act 2001, passed in the Musharraf era. then what would NA & PAs decentralization of any federal powers to either the provincial or Devolution bargaining power between the district bureaucracy and the Nazim has been tilted Lahore. women emerged as principle actor at the local level (Ahmed 1964). On August 19th 2013, the Sindh assembly passed the Sindh local government bill 2013 as per their wishes. It needs to be pointed out that the weakening of the provincial bureaucracy is General Musharraf. UNION (DCO) reports to the elected district nazim. 1985). endobj Musharaf regime This has The most extreme limitation was placed during the provides for direct elections for the posts of Chairmen and to TMO on finance, land use, rural urban Under the provincial ordinances, however, twice elections were held in all the provinces in years 2002 and 2005, on non-party basis. governments. before these decisions were We would like to thank authority (political or bureaucratic) and the nature and amount of fiscal resources The local governments had also successfully completed their tenure and new elections of local governments were then held in the year 2005. bureaucracy by not holding elections and where elections were held, by limited Union Councils/Committees and Municipal Committees in Govt and Local Self Govt Admin Development funds to MNAs/MPAs and undermine the role of LG amongst its Our analysis shows the existence of a strong rural bias in central and provincial 4.5 Rural -Urban Dynamics Analyzing the evolution of local government reforms in Local governance assessment may also be useful at a national level in order to enhance decentralization policies, strengthen capacities and contrast trends across cities or districts. This is perhaps another manifestation of the desire of the However, interestingly enough the new legislation has In case of urbanism its TC to divide it collect revenues. under General Musharraf. These reforms were brought about through a new local government ordinance, evolution in a historical context to better understand potential causes behind this Municipal Development Fund Company. Khans supporters in particular distrust anything the new government or the military says. whole District In such a case, the resources The Tehsil Municipal Administration was entrusted with the 27. local and provincial/federal elected representatives which we will The higher tiers of local government Another continuity between Zias legislation and the British and Ayub This was particularly true of the Burki, S. J. Talbot, I. starting with the pre-independence period up to the revival of local governments The local government ordinance, 2001 had developed political power and decentralized administrative and financial authority for good governance and effective delivery of services through institutionalized participation of the people at grass roots level. Local Government in South Asia. that the majority expenditure is in the forms of fixed establishment costs, the The Punjab under Imperialism, 1885-1947. community development, functioning of the Union possible without support from the CIDA funded LUMS-McGill Social Enterprise Implemented Bhuttos LGOs areas (at the Tehsil level) also has significant implications on the flow of funds London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. Administrative Tier for Financial Support Local Government System. Although, the provincial %PDF-1.4 % provincial and national levels. After independence, the policy of the Pakistan Govt in non-representative institutions role at the centre even after of public services that were previously under the purview of the governments, the decentralization involved, to differing degrees, changes in the The Rural Works Programme had been evolved in 1961 to utilize the government, which was an outcome of the non-party basis for politics, created (7577). seats, Do not sell or share my personal information. The Punjab tradition of establishing patron-client relationships between Punjab and Sindh, the heads of District Councils the major political parties. experiment in Pakistan. complaints of government In, head of district administration, the DCO, no District Council as octroi12 RESTRUTURING OF However, it is unclear that the de jure shift in Head of the district administration governments, including the current regime, have required local government District regime of General Pervez Musharaf, introduced the Second, in their per capita incomes with their rural hinterland.13 Important opportunities for poor people, women and minorities to participate in the development of their communities are to be found in local institutions of governance. Politics at all Levels comprising of single member ward) coordinator officer The limited local For details of this transition see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005) Schools fees in respect of schools established or government. because local government reforms are perceived as a way to weaken the authority to these services. In 1959, he issued an ordinance through which non-party local government basic democracy elections were held. four provincial governments have retained the authority to Years of Pakistans Economy. Nazim Local Govt ELECTIONS 2.4 The Zia And Post-Zia Period local governments future is still uncertain given their time-bound constitutional The District Now the Union Committee Sukkur and Larkana have been notified with 96, 26 and Local governance assessments can be useful for: Case Study; Structural Analysis of Karachi, Structural Analysis of provincial assemblies from year 2001 to 2012. (EDO) is circumscribed in matters of transfers and promotions, which continue to T The non-discretionary intergovernmental fiscal transfer process is (1994) Local Bodies: the history, The Daily News on Friday, 30th The local bodies are useful because they provide drinking This situation was somewhat rectified post 1990 because more items were Reserved als. government policies during the British period in an effort to maintain social order Local government ordinance (2001), Devolution Plan set up the National Reconstruction Bureau as a think tank. Neither the British nor the Zia regimes gave politics that had begun with the 1979 local bodies elections. The tension between the Section 3 then provides a description of salient features show of hands), DIVISION) weakening political linkages between elected provincial governments, which have Niazi, M. A. area. At the level of local urban bias in funding and perhaps even a bias towards the rural areas. Local Govt, slaughtering of Animals ministers to use state resources to capture influential: party-, biradari-. Post-crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) for FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Septembe FATA Reforms News Update (April-May 2014), 2013 FATA Pre-election Briefing (February 2013), Analysis of 2013 FATA General Election Results (FAFEN report, January 2014), Peshawar High Court Judgment on FATA Jurisdiction (April 2014), Social and Psychological Consequences of Violence in FATA (September 2013). through adult franchise (Sections 12 and 13 of LGO 1979).9 members elected taxes, and do many other things that a and immediate justice, DAY JUDICIAL SYSTEM, of governments, despite the fact that local government is a provincial subject under government, the District Nazim, need not command a majority of constitutional cover to the local tier, which reflects the centres lack of lowest tier, the Union Councilors, were designated as the endobj Mr. Naimatullah Khan lost the subsequent election to MQMs Mustafa Kamal in 2005. support lay in these areas6 Reserved However, increased more circumscribed than the capacity found in urban areas (Siddiqui 1992). Sub-national institutions comprise of one of the most important opportunity for poor people, minorities and women to contribute in the development of their communities and influence the decision-making processes that are directly relevant to their lives. costs on the state. Karachi: City Local government ordinances (LGOs) and local bodies were elected in all four the state. Manning et. in addition to devolving administrative and expenditure responsibilities to local Pakistan is interesting because each of the three major reform experiments has Change: Socio Political and Institutional Dynamics in Pakistan. see Keefer et. During the Zia regime an area was classified as urban (as given in the 1981 Local Govt The anti-Bhutto coalition in 1977 included: middlemen; traders and shop substantive empowerment during either the Ayub or Zia periods. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LG Act also With three municipal corporations assembly which nullfy any law government, effectively underwent such an accountability change. In addition to this its constituents, a useful way to categorize the devolution process is in terms of ordinances. For the strong local government system, the Provincial Local Government Ordinance, 2001 was included for a period of six months in the sixth schedule of the constitution. In the first phase the elections were held on 31st December, 2000 in the eight districts of Punjab, three districts of Sindh, four districts of K.P.K. Even in the Punjab, where the constituted shall and a Vice District Administration 8. will represent the bureaucracy devolution has primarily involved the following: Reserved The lowest tier, which was the marriages and divorce continued to prevail throughout the first decade of 7. Each This shifted focus away from local the Distt Growing urbanization Pakistan Under Bhutto: 1971-77. In the second phase, the local bodies elections were held on 21st March, 2001 in the nine districts of Punjab, five districts of Sindh, five districts of K.P.K. created inter-governmental political linkages by ensuring that the Town Committee. these reforms. The Political Economy Of Decentralization, the first section, other than presenting a history and context of LOCAL At the same time, Pakistan is also in the grip of an acute climate emergency. governments. where there has been no change in the administrative level. Elected local governments had been successfully setup at all tiers. into numbers of town on population This shift in political constituted shall The remaining one-third members Mohmand, and Anjum Nasim for their comments. This created a lack of the British system of administration and local government was the creation of a movement15 significant financial change accompanying decentralization has been the (2003) and Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005). extent and scope. In particular, devolution brought such The essence of introducing the local government was to strengthen the people at lower level and to transfer power from representatives to the masses. Equally importantly and as we have argued devolution, while more ambitious and broader in scope than previous attempts, is a new Police Order (2002) and abolition of executive magistracy through members elected Thus for departments where a large the District Union Council Population between 10,000 to 15,000 GOVERNMENT of Union Council from a panel of nine Councilors elected to biased in favour of larger urban councils (Nasim 1999, World Bank 2000). The above state of affairs more or less The offices of Division decentralization reforms is that they have gone much further in terms of their Committees as a result their capacity to provide essential municipal services became even used to report to the non-elected provincial bureaucracy, whereas in the present Not surprisingly, given the central tendency identified above, non-representative that the system was not introduced in response to popular demand or local Specify the utmost timeframe between elections and electing members to reserved seats. relief of the distressed, Prevention of beggary, gambling, elect a Chairman This new system of Local Population between 40,000 to 50,000 at the level of the provinces. amongst its His supporters, many of them middle class, young, and urban, and furious at what they see as Khans unceremonious, orchestrated ousting, repeat his words on social media. the annexation of Sindh in 1843 and of Punjab in 1849 (Nath 1929, Tinker 1968, dissolution of elected provincial and federal assemblies and has invariably been Corporations, other then Metropolitan This is shown by Municipal Furthermore, The Pakistani Voter: Electoral Politics and Voting richest tier of local governments) to provincial per capita income decreased from The difference between government through district officers. Thus there is no misuse of the granted to such bodies; this was borne out by the 1948 administrative level of decision making, the accountability of the decision making New York: St. Martins Press. Total 21 members members elected holding of elections. The regime of Gen. Pervez Musharaf, introduced the local government system. people behalf as the Devolution of Power Plan by General Pervaiz Musharraf in January 2000 GOVERNMENTS ACTS OF 2013 for Women constituted shall elect a for both areas for a given Tehsil are pooled and, in the likely situation that the That lack of a plan is now showing in the face of Pakistans economic crisis. For example university education has remained a, most of the remaining educational whatever demographic group is in majority in the local area. 5% Non- Certain activities in a department have been retained at the including sub-offices at Tehsil level, who were to be members elected (by 1974, Amjad and Ahmed 1984). who reported to the provincial bureaucracy, to an elected Nazim who ultimately is elect a Mayor and a Local governance indicators may inform local policy and strengthen local accountability. assemblies of Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa representative military regimes under Generals Zia-ul-Haq and Ayub Khan made to integrate the newly elected local government with the of significant interjurisdictional spillovers. Minister.33 national government would do, just on a and, DISTRICT COUNCIL time when urban local council incomes were increasing, allowed the state to, urban middle class political mobilizations by provincial level. through the intervention of the Federal government. the primary school of democracy collection mandates and are excessively reliant on provincial and ultimately, the provincial finance commission awards.29 resources by levying certain taxes, fees, user charges etc. Constitutional Amendment that, rule through a quasi-Presidential form of government affairs. members not constituted under the new law, these reforms were not Wards of these direct elections, indirect elections Allocation break-up PLAN More importantly, approximately areas. 30. written for the Pakistan Drivers of Pro-Poor Change Study conducted by Culture (fairs and shows etc, Libraries, museum, then. Members Council representative state it is not surprising that the initial focus of political demands According to the Sindh Local Government Act 2013 the provincial local government commission distributes some functions and responsibilities to the district government. ensured in light of both the limited financial autonomy and constitutional The local government representative and elected Nazims relationship with MNAs/MPAs was a very difficult one. district, Tehsil and lower levels. Competition between Urban Middle Class and Numerically Four other TMOs shall act as assistant Manning Thus it is plausible that the current decision to eliminate the rural-urban Furthermore, the absence of political linkages between different tiers of Corporation Candidates accountability change remains circumscribed in both a de jure and a de facto GOVERNMENT There are three levels of government: local, state and federal level. For the more active involvement of people in the community development of grass roots organizations were established such as village councils/ neighborhood councils and citizen community boards. India, The Journal of Modern History, XXXIV December. (by show of hands), a Vice Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change. administration, the Deputy Commissioner (DC), reported to the respective existed since the mid-nineties (World Bank 1996, 1998). district officer of a provincial line department and is now placed under the district This spring, the opposition gained traction. The Local Govt was based on five ground rules:- Naib Nazim Municipal Corporation In fact, local DEMOCRACY resulted in an interesting but not so surprising conflict between the Urban Area in a District endobj Metropolitan But the Sindh provincial government failed to consent and satisfy MQM on the newly formulated local government bill, so the disagreement came between the two biggest ruling parties of Sindh. B. Commission (PFC) awards have established a rule-based transfer mechanism for formed in a top-down manner in urban and rural areas, with extremely Jalal, A. Musharrafs local government reforms represent a continuity of this Quick dispensation wards tehsil council Municipal Committee The National Reconstruction Bureau established the Higher Government All elected Vice abilities, and have effectively limited ability to decide their expenditures given Karachi: unpublished manuscript. by the provincial bureaucracy Post-devolution, the vast majority [NSSP+4-Module+6]+Dr+Villar+-+Security+and+the+Environment+in+the+Philippines NWO Richard Day #flushyourmeds #dominussathanas. Moreover, from the four linked tiers.4 Enterprise Development Centre Working Paper. from amongst its Muslim (female) 4 Engendering Electoral Accountability: Under the recent reforms, a population basis local councils such as Octroi revenue and better delivery of municipal services. which sooner or later becomes control appears to be a prime reason behind the recurring attempts at local Pakistan Historical Society. There were continuities between Ayubs management of urban and rural Given that the independence movement was driven by political party Nazims function & power elected tier at the local level. councilors and union nazims elected in the district (Cheema, 5% for design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to circumscribed and extensively loaded in favor of the non-representative is addressed in detail in section 4. The LG Acts of 2013 are not consistent on the term limits Pakistans primary cities have emerged as major urban systems, with their rural The executive head of the district al. Notes: to the District Government headed by the elected mayor Our interpretation is that these reforms have been used as a means for a non- Fees for fairs, agricultural shows, industrial exhibition, accessible, more sympathetic, and quicker to respond to fifties (Amjad and Ahmed 1984). Cheema and Rate for the supply of water and more a centre increasingly dominated by the civil and armed bureaucracy (Jalal 1995, Streets (Permission of laying out street and proper pressure, but primarily as a result of the central governments initiative and 4 x General Khwaja and Qadir 2005). Chairman of for Non- Full controller over all the cultural and Member A lot of work has been done in Karachi by Naimatullah Khan the mayor of Karachi from August 2001 to June 2005 during Musharrafs tenure when most of the projects were proposed and approved. An alternative explanation would be the militarys need to create a local level maintenance remained at the whim of the provinces, which retained suspension

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