importance of school health records

Additionally, reference lists of included articles were scanned for any relevant SRs. Students from the most diverse and complex clinical settings come to school and require care that must be coordinated with acute care records in order to assure efficient, effective care, making schools an effective partner for Accountable Care Organizations. The full list of the specific reasons for exclusion of full texts is available in Table A within S3 Appendix. Improvements in trauma-related symptoms and impairment were found through narrative assessment of creative expression interventions, cognitive behavioral interventions, and multifaceted interventions [36]. Quality appraisal of primary studies within included systematic reviews. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. school health services CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. The grading system is available in Tables E and F in S6 Appendix. Prevention and treatment of mood disorders was assessed in five SRs, all of which targeted children and adolescents using RCTs of established programs. School health services (SHS), as defined in thisguideline, are services provided by a health workerto students enrolled in primary or secondaryeducation, either within school premises or in ahealth service situated outside the school. Data items included the research design of the SR and primary studies, sample description and setting, intervention characteristics, outcomes, meta-analysis results, quality appraisal, and conclusions. The Healthy School Report Card is already aligned with the schools improvement process. Valentina Baltag, Mostcountries have some form of SHS, but many suchprogrammes currently are not evidence-based,are not implemented well, are underfunded and/orare delivered with limited reach and scope. For useful recommendations to be made regarding school health services, cost-effectiveness must be more closely examined by primary studies and SRs. All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. importance of keeping school records which include the following: 1. Searches were performed on June 15, 2018. These items include: (1) overlap (see below), (2) rating of confidence from the AMSTAR 2 checklist [14], (3) date of publication, and (4) match between the scope of the included SRs and the overview itself. School health records give the provision for a school nurse to communicate information to students, families, the school multidisciplinary team, emergency personnel, other healthcare providers, and school nurse substitutes. Small but statistically significant effect sizes were found in favor of the intervention for mean plaque levels and oral hygiene, but no statistical significance was found for change in gingivitis indices [27]. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. In contrast with Gold and colleagues [23], this SR by Sullivan and Simonson found negative effects from music therapy interventions [36]. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. [8] Yeager, P. E. (2016). But did you know there are other records, both formal and informal, that are important to keep for future reference? If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. The following is a list of common questions and answers related to school health assessment tools, specifically: Why complete a school health assessment?A school health assessment helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of school health policies and programs and provide direction for school health improvement efforts. From this picture, the school health council or other health committees can move forward in creating an action plan, monitoring activities, and celebrating successes. Risk of bias across SRs was determined using Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for overviews of SRs [13]. Suggested citation: National Association of School Nurses. In allWHO regions, school-age children and adolescents(those aged 519 years) experience a range oflargely preventable health problems, includingunintentional injury, interpersonal violence, sexualand reproductive health issues, communicablediseases, noncommunicable diseases and mentalhealth issues. 20 SRs fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in this overview. No review evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-component school health services intervention addressing multiple health areas. Can these assessments be used for data in school improvement planning processes at the state or local level?Yes. Silver Spring, MD: Author. Two SRs found evidence for the potential effectiveness of educational interventions for children and adolescents with asthma diagnoses (Table 3A) [31,37]. In order for policy makers and leaders in school health to make evidence-based recommendations on which services should be available in schools, who should deliver them, and how should they be delivered, more SRs must be done. Copyright: 2019 Levinson et al. Third, the scopes of individual SRs often differ from the scope of the overview, a problem that Ballard and Montgomery call a scope mismatch [13]. National School Health Data Set: Every Students Counts! Information from school health records will show proof of student health issues that ought to be self-addressed. A majority of the studies (80%) were given low or critically low levels of confidence. Another limitation is that this overview only included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and other controlled study designs where health professionals delivered the intervention. It is important to note that any health records that the school receives from outside providers will most likely be considered school health records. This initiative is dedicated to promoting development of school health programs and increasing the number of health-promoting schools, characterized by WHO as a school constantly strengthening its capacity as a healthy setting for living, learning and working [1]. The gaps in the SR literature identified by this overview will inform the commissioning of new SRs by WHO to feed into evidence-based global recommendations. The effectiveness of school-based mental health services was assessed in nine SRs (Table 3C) [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36,39]. Assessments of music [23] and art therapy [33] in two SRs reported weak evidence of effectiveness. Gifted Education in Rural Schools. Hennegan and Montgomery assessed the effectiveness of hardware and software menstrual management interventions (Table 3B) [22]. Although at least 102 countries have school health services, there is no rigorous, evidence-based guidance on which school health services are effective and should be implemented in schools. The details of the quality appraisal of primary studies included in the SRs are given in Table B in S4 Appendix. The records you keep can provide specific details press documentation wenn you're talking with aforementioned resources your child needs to succeed in schools. Only one quasi-experimental study from the United States in 1999 was included in the SR. The remaining Cochrane review was given a critically low level of confidence, though this may be because it was published in 2006 and standards for both the methods and reporting of Cochrane reviews have improved in recent years. School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. Eleven SRs included studies located in countries with high-income or upper-middle income economies only [19,20,2325,2933,37,38,39]. Kid Kohl, A protocol was developed a priori that outlined the overview objectives, aims, operational definitions, search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality appraisal methods. Table C. Calculation of corrected covered areas (CCAs). Risk of bias within primary studies was recorded in Table B in S4 Appendix. Schools offer a unique opportunity toimplement effective health services at scale forchildren and adolescents. Table D. Classification of primary studies within included systematic reviews for use in corrected covered area calculation. In four SRs, 100% of included studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria [18,27,29,33], although Brendel and colleagues [29] only included one study in total. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. However, there was no risk of bias assessment in this SR and therefore the results must be interpreted cautiously. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. Vision screening linked with free provision of spectacles, as a component of a comprehensive school eye health program, is an example of a cost-effective form of school health services that may be implemented. School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. Table A. The National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH 2016-2017) estimated that over 22 million U.S. school-aged children are living with one or two or more health conditions, 11 million have special health care needs, and 7.5 million are not receiving needed care coordination (Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, 2016-2017).With school-aged children spending an average of 180 . Although the CDC does not require the use of the School Health Index, some states and school districts have policies or program requirements to use the School Health Index. A strength of this overview is that it attempted to answer a question that has not yet been answered regarding the effectiveness of both comprehensive and specific school health services delivered by a health provider. With no state or program requirement, how does a school decide which school health assessment to complete?It will depend on your needs. However, all included primary studies were delivered in HIC [26]. Table F. Answers to AMSTAR 2 checklist questions 116. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212603, Editor: Danuta Wasserman, Karolinska Institutet, SWEDEN, Received: February 5, 2019; Accepted: May 27, 2019; Published: June 12, 2019. Here are the product of records till keepand why they're important. A SR and meta-analysis by Bastounis and colleagues on the educational and preventative Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) and its derivatives found small, non-significant effect sizes for the prevalence of both depression and anxiety, favoring the intervention in the former and the control in the latter [19]. The records that school nurses keep in their daily care of over 95% of U.S. school-aged children provide an important window into child health in our nation. Duplication of effort should be avoided or minimized. Due to the heterogeneity of the SRs included in this overview, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. The most promising evidence from a SR was on topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25], although the necessity of this intervention may be questioned where flouridated commerical toothpaste is readily available. Following the recommendation of the AMSTAR 2 developers [17], individual ratings were not combined into an overall score. The significance of records management to public healthcare facilities and institutions includes operational cost reduction and elimination of duplicated overhead costs; eliminates the creation. School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. Primary studies included within the SRs were published between 1967 and 2017. An important consideration in overviews is the degree of overlap, or the use of the same primary study in multiple included SRs. Further, they strengthen the rigor of included studies and improve decision-making ability. The mismatch in the SR literature identified by this overview demonstrates that more research must be done before an answer to this question can be determined. Silver Spring, MD: Author. This document was followed throughout the review process and is available in S1 Appendix. The most common reasons for exclusion were, first, if at least 50% of studies included within a SR were unclear for at least one criterion (e.g. (2019). Click to Enlarge | PDF [PDF 466 KB] | JPEG | PNG. The four SRs that included PRP found mixed evidence [34] or no evidence of effectiveness [19,24,28,39], bringing the popularity of this intervention into question. What should I do if I am participating in a program that requires one assessment and the state requires a different one?You can request help from the three organizations listed in this document. However, the degree of overlap across all 20 SRs was graded as being small (CCA = 1), while there was high overlap in SRs on mood disorders (CCA = 11). The vast majority of providers and health systems utilize some form of computerized patient records. Due to the diversity in outcome measures and intervention intensities, the authors felt unable to make any evidence-based recommendations [30]. It is likely that some interventions may have the same or perhaps an even better level of effectiveness when delivered by non-health providers, such as a teacher, as compared to when delivered by health providers. This lag may preclude the ability for an overview to truly reflect current knowledge [13]. PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically. Health records have played an increasingly important role throughout history as an important le-gal document for the exercise of individuals' rights. Given the wide reach of schools [8] and the fact that school health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9], research on the effectiveness of school health services in LMIC and LIC must be prioritized in order to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 and reach universal health coverage by 2030 [51]. Six SRs included at least one study from countries with lower-middle income or lower income economies [18,21,22,28,35,36]. In addition to these criteria for included studies, the SRs themselves had to fulfill the following criteria: (a) included the words systematic review in the title or abstract; (b) outlined inclusion criteria within the methods section; (c) published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed before June 15, 2018; (d) published in the English language. It was also designed to suggest further research in areas where recent systematic reviews (SRs) exist, but with insufficient evidence. Body and Mind Classroom Resources for Teachers, Unit 6: Mental Health, Child Development, & Hygiene, Unit 7: Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Nutrition, physical activity/physical education through 8 content areas loosely aligned with Coordinated School Health (CSH), Nutrition, physical activity, asthma, sexual health, safety, and tobacco, structured around the eight-component CSH model; assessment is customized by users selection of topics, 11 characteristics of a healthy school and community model that incorporates the eight-component CSH model and effective teaching and learning indicators, based on the development of the whole child, Assessment and planning; evaluation tool for the Healthy Schools Program, Assessment and planning; compatible with a School Improvement Plan, PDF and paper version; access to Online Analysis Tool (OAT), On-site technical assistance sessions for selected sites, Training manual, free on-site workshops, technical assistance, Online resources, trainings, consultancy, and technical assistance, School champion enters information online after consulting with others, Completed inventory generates an action plan based on local priorities, Team creates an action plan based on assessment results using online tool or available template, Healthy School Improvement Plan is created automatically once data is entered into OAT; completed Online Analysis Tool generates a Healthy School Improvement Plan, Resource database and technical assistance based on the inventory; national recognition program, Resources through Web site and partner organizations. . These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Figure 1 shows how school health services uses various methods to support students. One reviewer (JL) extracted summary data from each selected article using a customized standard form with independent data extraction performed for 15% of included SRs by one of the other reviewers (DR or KK). Investing in a school management system is perhaps one of the easiest and most effective ways quickest ways institutions make the best sense of student data. The sixth study assessed a 4-day program in Brazil. S6 Appendix. It develops personal character, skills, attitude, and physique. Leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1019 year olds were iron deficiency anemia, road injury, depressive disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases [47]. The Secondary Education Commission has recommended the maintenance of cumulative record of each pupil by the class teachers. The search strategy was developed for PubMed and then adapted for the other four databases. A meta-analysis of two studies on sanitary pad provision found a moderate but statistically non-significant effect on school attendance. State and local stakeholders are encouraged to use other data, such as youth behavior surveys and public health surveillance, to identify which health risks have the greatest impact on students. Funding issues. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). No SR examined comprehensive or multi-component school health services, despite the fact that comprehensive services may be more efficient, easier to implement, and more sustainable than single interventions [40]. When used properly, EHRs have the potential to "maximize quality, decrease cost, and prevent errors, as well as promote the interoperability of school health records with providers in other care settings." School nurses might use an EHR for: Tracking student health trends Ensuring health documentation is secure and compliant Meaningful use (MU) of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is an important development in the safety and security of health care delivery in the United States. However, domestic legislation fails to define health records as a legally important collection of health data and documents. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Julia Levinson, These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. A key limitation of this overview is that only publications self-titled systematic reviews were included. Calculations for the CCA can be found in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Automated Records Management. However, the leading causes of death and disability beyond self-harm and depressive disorders are currently not addressed. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. For example, a PHR enables you to: Track and assess your health. The other SR examined behavioral interventions in the form of education on tooth brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste in Brazil, Italy, United Kingdom, and Iran [30]. Additional systematic reviews are needed that analyze the effectiveness of comprehensive school health services, and specific services for under-researched health areas relevant for this population. Evans and colleagues found strong evidence from China, Tanzania, and India that school vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits increased wearing of spectacles when spectacles were provided at no cost [21]. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Only three SRs [18,21,25] were scored as having moderate levels of confidence and just one [30] was given a high level of confidence. Yet no SRs on vaccinations fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this overview, suggesting the need for these SRs to be conducted, focusing on whether vaccinations for this age group should be delivered as part of a school health service or not, rather than on whether the vaccination per se is effective. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global School Health Initiative in 1995 with the goal to improve child, adolescent and community health through health promotion and programming in schools [1]. Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Duplication of effort is something all three organizations would like to avoid. Educational interventions had mixed effects. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Most schools rely upon grant funding and other financial aid to cover the implementation costs, but this often involves stringent requirements. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Telehealth programs are expensive, with mobile telehealth carts costing anywhere from $20,000 to $60,000, which doesn't include costs related to staffing, routine maintenance, and upkeep. David Anthony Ross, Affiliation: For . To convey to the teacher the results of the examination in such terms as to be useful to her in guiding the physical and mental growth of her . Systematic reviews of intervention studies that evaluated school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider were included. Review quality was assessed using a modified Ballard and Montgomery four-item checklist. Additionally, a recent review found that school-based or school-linked health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9]. SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. The same two reviewers screened the full text of all the potentially or probably eligible articles using a ranked list of the inclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). To investigate the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents, a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview) was conducted. We are also grateful for advice from the WHO school health services guideline Steering Group and Guideline Development Group members. Although overviews offer a comprehensive method for synthesizing evidence, they also come with important methodological limitations. unclear if a health provider was involved), followed by if less than 50% of studies within a SR fulfilled all inclusion criteria. An index publication is the first appearance of a primary study within an overview. In 1995, WHO launched the Global School Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthen approaches to health promotion in schools. Additionally, resources differ by income level and therefore effective interventions in HIC may need to be tailored or changed entirely in order to be feasible in LMIC and LIC. Although mortality and morbidity statistics vary by region and country, it is clear that the health areas included in this overview reflect a small subset of the global burden of disease for children and adolescents. Building on a method suggested by Shea and colleagues [17], grades of confidence in the results of each SR were generated based on critical flaws and non-critical weaknesses. No literature is currently available showing the number of hospitals and health care systems that provide EHR access to school nurses. c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. division of school health school health record name: last, first, middle birthdate: month, day, year gender: male female father's name: last, first, middle . The use of an assessment and action planning process provides a coordinated framework for school improvement and wellness efforts. Meta-analysis found small but statistically significant effect sizes in favor of music therapy for gestural communication, verbal communication, and behavioral problems [23]. | 3 Registration Options. In a sensitivity analysis that we conducted comparing systematic* with systematic review we found that the number of search results increased almost three-fold, but did not reveal any new articles that would eventually have met the subsequent eligibility criteria (search results available on request). However, in the studies included in both Gold and colleagues and McDonald and Dreys SRs, the numbers of participants per intervention group were very small: 410 and 1225 per study, respectively, introducing possibility of bias [23,33]. For example, the exclusion of observational studies limits the ability of this overview to assess interventions where controlled studies may be unethical or impractical, such as for an intervention that has been clearly shown to be effective when delivered in a different context and the school health service program wishes to include it. The School plays a very important role in health education and promotion at the crucial stage of childhood and adolescence. CCA values for all health areas and calculations are available in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. S7 Appendix gives the PRISMA checklist that was used. Five of the included studies examined the same weekly sleep education program from the Australian Centre for Education in Sleep. You can review and change the way we collect information below. The Institute of Medicine (2003) has indicated that EHRs should support delivery of patient care, be key evidence-based data points, improve patient safety, improve efficiency, facilitate management of chronic health conditions, provide outcome analysis, and share data across settings. In this overview, SRs with at least 50% of included studies fulfilling all criteria were included after extensive discussion between the authors and experts in the field. McDonald and Drey narratively assessed group-based art therapy as an intervention for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), moderate to severe behavior problems, or learning disorders [33]. If consensus was not possible during title/abstract or full text screening, a third reviewer (DR), who had the casting vote, would have been asked to independently screen the article. The final two items in the four-item checklist are (3) date of publication to ensure that results are up-to-date, and (4) matching of the scope to confirm that primary studies within SRs are relevant to the overview. There is potential to analyze this data at both the individual and population level to understand the links between health and education as well as the links between health interventions and outcomes. It is unclear if this finding indicates a lack of primary studies on comprehensive or multi-component school health services, or if primary studies do exist but no SR has been conducted. Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. Finally, meta-analysis by Werner-Seidler and colleagues of 81 RCTs on the effectiveness of depression and anxiety prevention and group therapy programs found small yet statistically significant effect sizes in favor of the intervention groups for both depression and anxiety as compared to control groups [28]. Maintaining Student Records One of your essential duties as a teacher is to maintain student records. These SRs contained 270 primary studies, 225 of which were unique and 45 were included in more than one SR. Only one of the 20 SRs included in this overview examined studies from a majority of LMIC and LIC [22,38]. Nonetheless, these criteria were necessary to give the overview a reasonable scope. Eleven SRs included only cluster- and individually-randomized controlled trials [1921,24,27,28,30,32,34,37], seven SRs included other types of controlled and uncontrolled experimental studies in addition to RCTs [22,25,26,31,33,35,36], and two SRs included only QEs [29] or controlled clinical trials [23]. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Through meta-analysis of two RCTs, the authors found that school vision screening combined with provision of free spectacles resulted in a statistically significant 60% increase in the wearing of spectacles at 38 months follow-up as compared to vision screening combined with prescription for spectacles only [21].

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