feminism in frankenstein quotes

Victor's entire motivation for refusing to create a female monster is fear"fear of a woman who would be self-assured and have a mind of her own; a woman could not be controlled, perhaps even by the first monster. It is not the monster herself that Victor is fearful of, but the fact that if she were to be created she would have a sense of self, rationale, and human-like needs. However, Shelley does briefly depict the ideal companionship between man and woman through the introduction of Safie and Felix. The female characters have the privilege of being the main characters, a further indication that women were subordinate to men. Students, however, often seem to be . Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 The content and opinions expressed on this web page do not necessarily reflect the views ofnor are they endorsed bythe University of Georgia or the University System of Georgia. $24.99 Even the sailors feel the power of his eloquence; when he speaks, they no longer despair; he rouses their energies, and while they hear his voice they believe these vast mountains of ice are mole-hills which will vanish before the resolutions of man. An environment where women were oppressed is perhaps the reason why Shelley chooses to use Captain Walton and Frankenstein in narrating her story. Though Mary Wollstonecraft would die shortly after her daughter's birth, her influence weighed heavily on Mary Shelley throughout her life. RELIGION QUOTES FRANKENSTEIN Flashcards. Victor expresses genuine pain when his friend Clerval is murdered by the monster, but when the monster also kills Elizabeth and Justine, Frankensteins emotions are not easily deciphered, and this shows the position of women in the society through his reaction (Shelley 45). Rebecca West: I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is: I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a . Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Wanda E. Brunstetter Life is for sharing, service and specific fulfillment. We would expect that Mary Shelley being the daughter of a great feminist, would voice the same concerns as her mother, but this is not the case as all her female characters are passive. His objectification of Elizabeth led to a disastrous outcome as her freedom is taken away. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Frankenstein runs away from the monster, and what is a better place than the heart of nature, the forest, to relax and reflect on what he has done? Mary Shelley passed her point across that even if science is to take away that right and feeling that a woman has of giving birth, it is only the woman who has motherly instincts for science does not possess these motherly instincts. The monsters demands on his creator to have a female companion also indicate that women are compassionate and loving, for the monster wanted a female companion so that it would disappear from humankind. However, the monster killed Elizabeth instead, proving how Victor had never thought Elizabeth was important enough for the monster to kill. Historical Context Essay: Frankenstein & the Scientific Revolution, Literary Context Essay: Mary Shelley & Romanticism. Mary Wollstonecraft was a writer and philosopher, the mother of Frankenstein author Mary Shelley, and one of the earliest feminist writers. About first seeing his creation, Victor says: "When I thought of him, I gnashed my teeth, my eyes became inflamed, and I ardently wished to extinguish that life which I had so thoughtlessly made." The monster feels a similar disgust for himself: "I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on." Print. From a partial deconstructionist viewpoint, it is also important that we note the way in which nearly all female characters are dismantled in one way or another. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. There is no strong indication that she is for the rights of women to be of equal standing to the men and only uses her characters to show the position of women in the 18th-century society. The Interpretative Journey in Ursula K. Le Guin's The Left Hand of Darkness, Realism and the Novel Form by Ian Watt, Summary, Theme of Knowledge in Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Mary Shelleys Novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, Feminist Ideas in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein", The Feminine Roles in the 'Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus' by M. Shelley, Zeus the Terrible in Aeschylus Prometheus Bound, Motifs and Themes in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein", Ethics as a Theme in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Mary Shelley's Monster in Frankenstein Literature Analysis, Frankenstein's Historical Context: Review of "In Frankensteins Shadow" by Chris Baldrick, The Darwinism theory in the text The Island of Dr Moreau, Revision and reversionary in The Empire Writes Back, Victor Frankenstein dies aboard Captain Waltons ship. Specifically, Otherness represents those who run counter to predominant societal ideologies; thus, the Other, denounced as a threat to norms, is shunned [], Published in 1818, Mary Shelleys Frankenstein remains a revolutionary literary achievement whose iconic monster continues to captive modern readers. During this era, the ideas of discovering the natural law of the universe and the thirst for scientific knowledge were being spread all across Europe. Throughout the novel, there are many instances where Frankenstein compares her to animals by stating, she was docile and good tempered, yet gay and playful as a summers insectI loved to tend on her, as I should on a favourite animal. Safie, similar to Justine, serves merely as a learning tool for the monster and as a means to an end for the monster; she is viewed more as an opportunity than as a person. Within this text Hoeveler draws our attention to the notion of the female gothic and puts a spin on the feminist theory by mentioning Mary Shelleys historical background. Asked by harold d #364666 on 4/8/2014 11:58 AM By spending a substantial amount of time studying Mary Shelley and her novel Frankenstein it is only fair that we pay tribute to Shelleys mother Mary Wollstonecraft. She is his dream for the future: companion, comfort, and eventual mother of his children. Shelleys mother grew up in a society that was dominated by men, and women were very submissive. Perhaps Shelley, through Frankensteins creation of a creature (the monster) that would defy natural laws, was seeking a solution to womens problems during birth, for instance, the way her mother died few days after giving birth to her due to some complications with the placenta. However, its interesting to see how downplayed the female characters are in Frankenstein. Mary Wollstonecrafts advocacy for feminism is very outstanding in her work as compared to her daughters. "I hate to hear you talk about all women as if they were fine ladies instead of rational creatures. Elizabeths act of waiting for Victor to save her from the monster shows the position of the woman in the society such that Elizabeth only sees Victor as her savior, and there was nothing she did to defend herself from the monster. Frankenstein When reading Frankenstein one is overcome by a patriarchal nineteenth - century societal norm where men are part of the public sector and women the domestic Ellen Moers is the first to argue that. When Victor destroys his work on a female monster, he literally aborts his act of creation, preventing the female monster from coming alive. Teach her that the idea of 'gender roles' is absolute nonsense. Frankenstein: The 1818 Text, Contexts, Criticism. Practical analysis of the theme of feminism in the novel requires the study of the female characters and the role they play or how they are portrayed in the novel. We utilize security vendors that protect and Even after this she is still guilty of the murder and is executed. The Modern Prometheus in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Theme & Analysis, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley | Biography, Works & Legacy, Delight in Disorder by Robert Herrick | Summary, Analysis & Themes, Study.com SAT Reading Test Section: Review & Practice, Study.com SAT Writing & Language Test Section: Review & Practice, English 103: Analyzing and Interpreting Literature, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 11-12: Standards, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com SAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com PSAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, CSET English Subtests I & III (105 & 107): Practice & Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. Shelley further accentuates the dehumanization Elizabeth by using her as a prop in the Monsters foul play when seeking revenge against Victor. Your privacy is extremely important to us. Through each literal and metaphorical pair, the course the child [], A branch off of feminist movements gender criticism is a literary approach that explores ideas about men and women can be influenced by cultures that attempt to correct the impression of a paternal society. When the term feminist text comes to mind in regard to literature, we typically think of a novel with a strong female lead. Depiction of women in Frankenstein Elizabeth The predominant character Elizabeth is often described as a possession and judged on looks in the novel. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. She wanted to illustrate the way women in society are weak as compared to men and often rely on men to solve their problems. These characters range from the soft spoken love interest of Victor, Elizabeth, to the strong-willed Safie, to the near creation of the Monsters female companion. By Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. This exemplifies how weak women were back then and how easy it is for men to manipulate women in that patriarchal society. As [], We provide you with original essay samples, perfect formatting and styling. Based on the doormat-esque female characters and entitled male protagonist, one might easily assume that Frankenstein is a typical male-penned, patriarchy-saturated 19th century work. Richard L. Mabry All rights reserved. Another taunting fear that Victor faces in creating the female creature is the possibility that she would wish to procreate, resulting in a race of devils [that] would be propagated upon the earth even if this be by force with actual human beings (Shelley 119). When a woman gives her opinion, she's a bitch.". Inspiration of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Why was Frankenstein Written? "Feminism in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley." 2. But women were taken to be unreliable and hence their implied characters in the novel. However, in the context of the described epoch, "Frankenstein" was indeed a novel with a message to all the women. for a customized plan. Upon beginning the second experiment, Victor begins to doubt his decision, jumping to conclusions regarding the not-yet-existent creature such as: She who, in all probability, was to become a thinking and reasoning animal, might refuse to comply with a compact made before her creation. Shelley, Mary. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then, on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life and stir with an uneasy . Its very hard to say. Was Mary Shelley A Feminist? Shelley wanted to put the point across that women ought to stop that habit of conforming to societal norms of viewing men as the only ones who can solve problems, for were it not for their view of men, the characters that are Justine and Elizabeth would have survived. 2021 Jan 25 [cited 2023 May 1]. I collected bones from charnel houses and disturbed, with profane fingers, the tremendous secrets of the human frame. (Shelley 12). Victors termination of the female creature is not just representative of the fear of female autonomy, but of the patriarchal desire to validate mens superiority over women. Used by permission. 1. 2023 gradesfixer.com. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Continue to start your free trial. For instance, through science, women who are known not to give birth can get solutions to their problems. One can justify that through the way, her female characters are passive in the novel and die even before the story ends. Feminism Quotes. Anti-feminism is a direct expression of misogyny; it is the political defense of women hating. Though Terri Beth loves books and writing of all kinds, her heart lies especially with British Victorian and Modernist literature, as well as the novels of Virginia Woolf, George Eliot, the Bronte sisters, and, to mix things up a bit, Salman Rushdie! Ed. London. 1971. A+ Student Essay: The Impact of the Monster's Eloquence. Print. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Gradesfixer , Analysis Of Feminism In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley., Analysis Of Feminism In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley [Internet]. An error occurred trying to load this video. Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Frankenstein Historical & Literary Context, Frankenstein Vocabulary List & Flashcards, Praxis English Language Arts - Content & Analysis (5039): Practice & Study Guide, NYSTCE English Language Arts (003): Practice and Study Guide, 9th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, Mary Wollstonecraft: Works, Achievements & Influence, Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin: Politics and Essays, A Midsummer Night's Dream: Analysis & Themes, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. About first seeing his creation, Victor says: When I thought of him, I gnashed my teeth, my eyes became inflamed, and I ardently wished to extinguish that life which I had so thoughtlessly made. The monster feels a similar disgust for himself: I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. Both lament the monsters existence and wish that Victor had never engaged in his act of creation. Your time is important. Something that I always like to think about is the way that literary and cultural texts get their energy from weaving stories around unsolved problems, social contradictions, uncertainties, fault-lines. One of the most obvious examples of feminism in Frankenstein is the creation of the monster itself. Yet their ambitions also make them fallible. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012. In Frankenstein, women are objectified and subjugated shown by the characters of Elizabeth, Justin, and Safie, thereby strengthening the stereotypes of women in a patriarchal society. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you Victor. To add on, Justine Moritz lives with the Frankenstein family as their servant after her mother passed away. Through Victor and Walton, Frankenstein portrays human beings as deeply ambitious, and yet also deeply flawed. The motif of abortion recurs as both Victor and the monster express their sense of the monsters hideousness. Safie completely disregards the customs of her culture in order to prioritize her own desires, not the wants of others, this of which was completely unheard of in young women at the time. This portrays Safie as an object once more, as her father gifted her as an object and later took the gift back when he changed his mind. Wordpress, Nov. 2014. Elizabeth Lavenza in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Character & Quotes, Safie in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Character, Analysis & Themes, Frankenstein Critical Analysis & Literary Criticism, Religion in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Theme & Analysis, Nature Quotes in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Analysis & Themes, Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Novel, Time Period & Historical Context, Gothic Elements in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Genre & Overview, Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Paradise Lost Parallels, References, & Allusions, Romanticism in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Analysis & Examples, Nature in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Significance & Analysis, Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Love Quotes & Analysis, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer: Poem by John Keats, Feminism & Gender Roles in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte | Context, Analysis & Quotes, Monster in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley | Character, Traits & Analysis. Victor treats her as an object throughout the book, he considers Elizabeth as something that is there purely for making him and Henry content. This brings me to the point of focus is Frankenstein a text that encourages feminist ideals, or is it a text that reinforces patriarchy? Topics: Novel, Play, Plot, Text, Women. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein. But perhaps what makes this statement most interesting is the fact that the novel is written by a female. He treats her as an inferior object ultimately causing Elizabeths death. "You educate a man; you educate a man. Pioneras del feminismo, ambas lucharon por hacer or su voz cuando la sociedad consideraba a las mujeres meros apndices del hombre. I argue that Shelley critiques traditional gender roles by punishing characters subscribing to them. (one code per order). Mary Shelley uses this allusion in her novel to show her opinion of Enlightenment as she herself was a Gothic Romantic. Williams, Deborah Lindsay. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. SparkNotes PLUS Why does Frankenstein destroy the Monsters female companion? Justine is an innocent girl; she would rather face the consequences of a murder conviction than be excommunicated by the church. Create your account. In the gothic fiction novel Frankenstein written by English author Mary Shelley, women are characterized as passive, weak, and beneficial objects. Contact us The monster also asks for Victor to make him a companion based on the model of Adam and Eve. Important Quotes Explained. If Victor truly loved Elizabeth like he claims he does, Victor would not care about her appearance. Why would an author omit some characters in the novel, specifically the female characters, if not to show their submissiveness/oppression in the society? Grasp in my neck". In a feminist context, Elizabeths primary role within the novel is to expose the way in which women are viewed and treated by men and society as a whole: submissive, docile, and present for the sole purpose of mens pleasure and convenience. Mother Nature also provides the monster with food, water, and the basics that the monster required to survive. Discount, Discount Code Students who find writing to be a difficult task. We will occasionally send you account related emails. Shelly kills off all the simple stereotypical helpless girls to show how she thinks women should be independent and should be able to defend themselves. This ideology is further elaborated by Anne K. Mellor through her observation that Victor is afraid solely not just of a free-thinking female, but one that cannot be controlled by his male creature (Mellor 360), that is, he fears the prospect of a woman who is disobedient to men. This website helped me pass! Justines accusation and death plainly added on to the fact that women were portrayed as weak. Another problematic aspect of Frankenstein's representation of women is in the character of Elizabeth Lavenza, Victor's fiancee. (2022, August 21). IvyPanda. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012. Elizabeth Lavenza is objectified throughout the story; through the words Victor uses to address Elizabeth, the objectification and subjugation of women can be shown as they fit into the stereotypical role that women conform to in a patriarchal society. Home Essay Samples Literature Frankenstein Mary Shelleys Frankenstein viewed from a feminist lens. Home Essay Samples Literature Frankenstein Analysis Of Feminism In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley. Please wait while we process your payment. However, although Safie is the perfect depiction of this ideal female character, her presence in the novel lasts nothing more than a few pages, never to be mentioned again. Safie had no choice on who she could marry; even though she actually did fall in love with Felix, her happiness was due to luck rather than her own choice. The database is updated daily, so anyone can easily find a relevant essay example. I highly recommend you use this site! The novel is littered withwomen who suffer calmly and then expire: Caroline Beaufort is a self-sacrificing mother who dies taking care of her adopted daughter; Justine is executed for murder, despite her innocence; the creation of the female monster is aborted by Victor because he fears being unable to control her actions once she is animated; Elizabeth waits, impatient but helpless, for Victor to return to her, and she is eventually murdered by the monster. Through her male portrayal, Shelley delineates how these ladies are thought of and treated by the male characters, even purposely placing them in circumstances that inconspicuously outline her own conclusion relating to womens activist belief systems. She later confesses wrongly to the crime out of dread and fear of going to Hell. It can be concluded that Justine is just not important enough for him to give up his reputation and reveal the fact to the public. "If we revert to history, we shall find that the women who have distinguished themselves have neither been the most beautiful nor the most gentle of their sex.". Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, and J. Paul Hunter. Lailah Gifty Akita She stood by his bedside and waited for him to die. GradesFixer. We can also draw the conclusion that through the destruction of the female companion for the monster, Shelley wanted to show that nature could not allow a creature that was brought forth through science to procreate and populate the world, this can be a strong indication that society cannot do without women, that women are important and that men do not have the right to take away the pride of women in giving birth. IvyPanda, 21 Aug. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/the-theme-of-feminism-in-mary-shelley-novel-frankenstein-the-modern-prometheus-essay/. Related Themes: and Citation 120. Print. Does it subvert masculininst and anti-woman discourses or are any subversive impulses ultimately contained (or even daemonized by embodying them in the shape of the creature)? Blinded by dreams of glory, they fail to consider the . Victor described, She was tranquil, yet her tranquility was evidently constrained; and as her confusion had before been adduced as a proof of her guilt (Shelley 54). You can blast my other passions, but revenge remains revenge, henceforth dearer than light of food! succeed. What acquirement exalts one being above another? (Wollstonecraft pp. Ambas defendieron su independencia Frankenstein; The Modern Prometheus is not really a feminist novel. Terrific questionand the kind of question that has often driven political readings of texts in circles (and feminism is one of the most influential modes of political reading, of course). There is rage in me the likes of which should never escape. She is a victim in a patriarchal world, dominated by men. Mary Shelleys Monstrous Eve. Frankenstein: The 1818 Text, Contexts, Criticism. 512 likes. Even though Shelleys mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, was a famous advocate for womens rights, there is still a complete lack of feminism in Shelleys novel. Dont have an account? J.E. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper. Wollstonecraft, Mary. Who Was the Youngest Alphonse Frankensteins Son? Additionally, as the story is narrated by Victor, he also often objectifies her and defines her by his standards. The monster took her as an advantage and obtained knowledge of the language by using her. By exploiting nature Victors attitude toward the female as passive and able to be possessed is apparent. Frankenstein What are good feminist quotes in frankenstein? Poor, poor girl, is she the accused? I would like to delve into this topic more that is, the way in which Victor creates a society that doesnt need females. The motif appears also in regard to Victors other pursuits. She was the daughter of the political radical William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft, one of the first and most important feminist advocates. Since 2005, she has taught literature, writing, and philosophy courses at the university and graduate levels. Victor received Elizabeth as a gift from his mother, she said, I have a pretty present for my Victor- tomorrow he shall have it (Shelley 18). The woman is portrayed as beautiful, and Frankenstein used to find consolation in the natural world. By continuing well assume you board with our cookie policy. In the story of the creature's grotesque birth, Shelley suggests that the too-heavy reliance on paternalistic science, which presumes to eliminate the female, is unnatural and dangerous. Safie is depicted as being self-governing, determined, and brave- none of these traits brought on by the validation of men, including her partner. 1278 Words6 Pages. "Solitude was my only consolation - deep, dark, deathlike solitude.". To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. This shows evidence that Elizabeths character shows a perspective that all women during that era represent the way they are treated and viewed by men and the rest of society therefore their characters vital role as females is to be docile, submissive, and obedient. Let's fix your grades together! Mary Shelley was just 20 when she published Frankenstein in 1818. For instance, one does not have to critically analyze her work to know that she was advocating for women to be accorded the same rights as men; the theme is evident even to a layman. 450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help you just now, What would it take for you to want to kill somebody, well in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley it didnt take more than just the thought of being alone for the rest of their life that led Frankensteins monster to release his [], The classic 1818 novel Frankenstein, written by author Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, is without a doubt an essential piece of literature. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. 100% Customized to Your Need with Expert Writers The words let loose suggests that it is something which Victor has set free. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. She also holds a Master of Arts in English literature from the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, and a BA in English from Tusculum College in Greeneville, Tennessee. Let's fix your grades together! Frankenstein brings to light the various problems that were, and still are, prominent in the world of women by deliberately portraying them as something weak, disposable, and subservient to men. is Frankenstein a text that encourages feminist ideals, or is it a text that reinforces patriarchy?. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. After William is murdered, the creature puts an image of Caroline, Williams mother, that William was carrying in Justines pocket and she is blame of murder. Oxford University Press. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Shelley not only idealizes Safie as a model companion, but as the epitome of what she considers to be an ideal woman. In short, she does not have a clear and definite stand on the equality of men and women. Elizabeth is also strongly objectified throughout the story by the narrator, Victor Frankenstein. The use of narrative in conveying the feminism theme leaves a lot to be answered by the reader, and it is only through careful explication of the novel that one can bring out the theme of feminism in the novel. IvyPanda. Take the Themes, Motifs, & Symbols Quiz Quiz. You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers. 2018, www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/04/196451/mary-shelley-feminist. This is not an example of the work written by professional essay writers. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! And, in doing so, what is supposed to be natural and beautiful becomes unnatural and grotesque. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Mary Shelley's mother, Mary Wollstonecraft (pictured above), was one of the earliest feminists. "Feminism in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley." Feminism is regarded as women having equal rights and equating to men in social status, economic, financially, just to mention a few and shining attention to the thesis that Frankenstein, The Modern Prometheus is not a feminist novel. The monster only chose to kill Elizabeth because he knows how much of a catastrophe it would be for Victor as she is his most precious thing. The novel [], In the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell uses several literary techniques to develop the theme that totalitarianism is destructive. This essay has been submitted by a student. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: By clicking Send, you agree to our Terms of service and Privacy statement. 9. For Mary Shelley, to write in narrative form is symbolic of a society where women are passive, where no woman in the novel speaks directly or openly. On Victor and Elizabeths wedding night, Victor left Elizabeth at home so that he could go outside and confront the monster.

States That Allow Nicotine Testing For Employment, Golden Puff Biscuits Australia, Neil Darish Biography, Unplug The Extension Controller Dolphin, Juliana Andrew Wife Of Gemini Ganesan, Articles F